PQQ is a small quinone molecule that was first identified as a co-factor for certain enzymes. Recent research has shown that PQQ possesses antioxidant properties, which help protect cells from oxidative stress. It is involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes, including cell signaling, gene expression, and mitochondrial biogenesis—the process by which new mitochondria are formed. Mitochondria, often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell, are essential for energy production.
Environmental concerns have also been raised regarding sevoflurane's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, there is an ongoing effort within the medical community to minimize wastage and promote the use of low-flow techniques to mitigate its impact on the environment.